Trading Glossary

22 terms — from EMA to walk-forward analysis. Plain-English definitions with Pine Script examples and links to the strategies that use them.

Indicators

ATR (Average True Range)

ATR measures volatility by averaging the true range — the largest of today's high-low, |high-close[1]|, or |low-close[1]| — over N bars.

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Concepts

Backtesting

Backtesting runs a strategy on historical data to estimate how it would have performed before risking real money.

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Indicators

Bollinger Bands

Bollinger Bands plot two standard deviations above and below a moving average, defining a dynamic range for price.

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Concepts

Breakout

A breakout is a price move beyond a defined level (e.g. a recent high) that signals a new trend or continuation.

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Concepts

Crossover

A crossover happens when one series crosses above another — used as the entry signal in moving-average and oscillator-based strategies.

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Metrics

Drawdown

Drawdown is the percentage decline from a peak in your account equity to the next trough — the most important number in risk management.

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Indicators

EMA (Exponential Moving Average)

The exponential moving average weights recent price data more heavily than older bars, making it faster to react than a simple moving average.

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Concepts

Lot Size

Lot size is the standard unit of trade size — 1 lot is 100,000 base currency units in forex.

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Indicators

MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence)

MACD shows the relationship between two EMAs of price — used to spot trend changes and momentum shifts.

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Concepts

Mean Reversion

Mean reversion strategies bet that prices stretched far from a moving average will snap back — works in range-bound markets, fails in strong trends.

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Concepts

Overfitting

Overfitting is when a strategy is tuned so tightly to historical data that it fails on live markets. The #1 killer of backtested strategies.

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Concepts

Pip

A pip is the smallest standard price increment for a trading instrument — usually the 4th decimal for forex, $0.01 for gold.

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Concepts

Position Sizing

Position sizing converts risk percentage into actual lot sizes — the math that makes risk management real.

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Metrics

Profit Factor

Profit factor is gross winning trades divided by gross losing trades — a quick test of whether a strategy has any edge at all.

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Concepts

Risk Management

Risk management is the discipline of sizing positions and placing stops so that no single trade — or string of losses — can ruin your account.

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Indicators

RSI (Relative Strength Index)

The RSI oscillates between 0 and 100, measuring the velocity of recent gains vs losses to identify overbought and oversold conditions.

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Metrics

Sharpe Ratio

The Sharpe ratio measures excess return per unit of volatility — the most-cited risk-adjusted performance metric in finance.

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Indicators

SMA (Simple Moving Average)

The simple moving average is the unweighted mean of the last N bars — slower to react than an EMA but with smoother output.

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Metrics

Sortino Ratio

Like Sharpe, but only counts downside volatility — a more honest measure for asymmetric strategies.

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Concepts

Trend Following

Trend following is the strategy of buying assets that are going up and selling assets that are going down — counterintuitively, the most-profitable systematic style for retail traders.

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Concepts

Walk-Forward Analysis

Walk-forward analysis tests a strategy by optimising on one window and testing on the next — repeated rolling forward through history.

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Metrics

Win Rate

Win rate is the percentage of trades that close in profit — important but easily misleading without payoff ratio context.

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